Java Physics

 

transformer

Electric Transformer

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  • Here, the transformer is assumed to have (1) no flux leakage, and (2) no resistance in the two windings.
  • The inductances of the two windings are NOT assumed to be infinite. However, we can assign some large inductances (but not infinite ) to them by selecting "Large winging inductances".
  • Please note that it is pointless to compare the amplitude of a voltage and that of a current when they are dispalyed simultaneously on the screen. They have different units.
  • Clarifying concepts and gaining a deeper understanding of ideal transformers, a paper written by the author and published in European Journal of Physics, May 2018 Download from EJP

 

 

Internal Links :

Electromagnetic Induction

RLC series a.c.

Exact Mathematical Solution of Simple Transformer (Pdf)

Screenshots of waveforms from a real transformer (Web)

Download Executable Jar File

 


Define

Np = Number of turns in the primary coil
Ns = Number of turns in the secondary coil
Φ p = Magnetic flux in the primary coil
Φ p = Magnetic flux in the secondary coil

Suppose the following conditions are satisfied:

  1. The two coils are resistanceless.
    Voltage across the primary coil, pd primary coil .....(1)
    Voltage across the secondary coil, pd secondary coil .....(2)

  2. There is no flux leakage, i.e., Φ p = Φ s .....(3)
From (1), (2) and (3), we get voltage ratio

Remarks

  1. Secondary coil is on open circuit

    1. The primary coil behaves as a pure inductor.
    2. The only current flowing is the primary current (Ip).
    3. The flux linking the two coils is caused by Ip. This primary current is called magnetizing current (Ip,M).
    4. The primary voltage (Vp) leads the magnetizing current (Ip,M) by π/2.
    5. Average input power = 0
  2. Resistive load R is connected to the secondary coil

    1. The secondary current (Is) becomes nonzero.
    2. Is is always in phase with Vs, because the load is a pure resistor.
    3. The flux linking the two coils is still caused by Ip,M.
    4. Besides the manetizing current, the primary current has one more component (call it Ip,L), which is anti-phase with the secondary current Is, i.e., Ip = Ip,M + Ip,L, where Ip,M and Ip,L are π/2 out of phase.

      By Lenz’s law, Is must flow in a direction such that the change of magnetic flux in the core is reduced. However, the change of flux in the core always produces a voltage in the primary coil to have the same value as the a.c. source voltage (since the input loop is resistanceless). To maintain this, the primary current eventually becomes larger to restore the original magnetic flux, compensating the opposition due to the secondary current. Eventually, the core flux is still produced by Ip,M,while the fluxes produced by Ip,L and Is cancel each other out.

    5. The primary voltage (Vp) leads the primary current (Ip) by an angle θ = tan-1( R/Xs), where Xs is the reactance of the secondary coil.
    6. Average input power = Vp,rmsIp,rmscos(θ)
  3. If the load R is decreased,

    1. Ip,L will be further increased, but Ip,M remains the same, and
    2. the phase angle between the primary voltage and the primary current will be further reduced, approaching zero.
  4. When the load R << Xs (reactance of the secondary coil),

    1. Ip,L >> Ip,M, hence Ip ≈ Ip,L, and
    2. the primary voltage is (nearly) in-phase with the primary current.
      Any time, VpIp,L = VsIs
      Now,VpIp = VsIs
      Therefore, Ip : Is = Vs : Vp = Ns : Np
  5. It is noteworthy that

    1. the voltage ratio Vs : Vp = Ns : Np holds under the two assumptions (i) coils are resistanceless, and (ii) no flux leakage. No matter the secondary coil is open or not, the resistance of R is large or small, the voltage ratio holds, and
    2. the current ratio Ip : Is = Ns : Np holds when, besides the transformer satisfying the above two assumptions, the resistance of the load R must be sufficiently small (R << Xs).

 

 

 


  • The author (Chiu-king Ng) has the copyright on all the simulations in this website.
  • Email phyAA@phy.hk, where AA is the prime number following 7.
  • Last Update:2019-3-20